their knowledge to any who do not share their feelings in the matter. Richard Wagner CONTENTS Part I. 1813-1842 Childhood and Schooldays Musical Studies Travels in Germany (First Marriage) Paris: 1839-42 Part II. 1842-1850 (Dresden) ‘Rienzi’ ‘The Flying Dutchman’ Liszt, Spontini, Marschner, etc. ‘Tannhäuser’ Franck, Schumann, Semper, Gutzkow, Auerbach ‘Lohengrin’ (Libretto) Ninth Symphony Spohr, Gluck, Hiller, Devrient Official Position. Studies in Historical Literature ‘Rienzi’ at Berlin Relations with the Management, Mother’s Death, etc. Growing Sympathy with Political Events, Bakunin The May Insurrection Flight: Weimar, Zürich, Paris, Bordeaux, Geneva, Zürich ILLUSTRATIONS FRONTISPIECE FOR VOLUME I Illustration: Richard Wagner in 1842, from the Portrait by E. Kietz. FRONTISPIECE FOR VOLUME II Richard Wagner about 1872 by Lenbach. Original in the possession of Frau Cosima Wagner These frontispieces are used by the courtesy of Mr. F. Bruckmann. MY LIFE PART I 1813-1842 I was born at Leipzig on the 22nd of May 1813, in a room on the second floor of the ‘Red and White Lion,’ and two days later was baptized at St. Thomas’s Church, and christened Wilhelm Richard. My father, Friedrich Wagner, was at the time of my birth a clerk in the police service at Leipzig, and hoped to get the post of Chief Constable in that town, but he died in the October of that same year. His death was partly due to the great exertions imposed upon him by the stress of police work during the war troubles and the battle of Leipzig, and partly to the fact that he fell a victim to the nervous fever which was raging at that time. As regards his father’s position in life, I learnt later that he had held a small civil appointment as toll collector at the Ranstädt Gate, but had distinguished himself from those in the same station by giving his two sons a superior education, my father, Friedrich, studying law, and the younger son, Adolph, theology. My uncle subsequently exercised no small influence on my development; we shall meet him again at a critical turning-point in the story of my youth. My father, whom I had lost so early, was, as I discovered afterwards, a great lover of poetry and literature in general, and possessed in particular an almost passionate affection for the drama, which was at that time much in vogue among the educated classes. My mother told me, among other things, that he took her to Lauchstadt for the first performance of the _Braut von Messina_, and that on the promenade he pointed out Schiller and Goethe to her, and reproved her warmly for never having heard of these great men. He is said to have been not altogether free from a gallant interest in actresses. My mother used to complain jokingly that she often had to keep lunch waiting for him while he was paying court to a certain famous actress of the day.[1] When she scolded him, he vowed that he had been delayed by papers that had to be attended to, and as a proof of his assertion pointed to his fingers, which were supposed to be stained with ink, but on closer inspection were found to be quite clean. His great fondness for the theatre was further shown by his choice of the actor, Ludwig Geyer, as one of his intimate friends. Although his choice of this friend was no doubt mainly due to his love for the theatre, he at the same time introduced into his family the noblest of benefactors; for this modest artist, prompted by a warm interest in the lot of his friend’s large family, so unexpectedly...